", This page was last edited on 3 March 2023, at 17:36. [353], Before the 31st G8 summit at Gleneagles, Scotland, in 2005, Tutu called on world leaders to promote free trade with poorer countries and to end expensive taxes on anti-AIDS drugs. Desmond Tutu A South African Anglican archbishop and activist for the rights of black people in his country. [447] He felt that religious leaders like himself should stay outside of party politics, citing the example of Abel Muzorewa in Zimbabwe, Makarios III in Cyprus, and Ruhollah Khomeini in Iran as examples in which such crossovers proved problematic. [149] Many of his staff referred to him as "Baba" (father). He emphasized nonviolent protest and encouraged the application of economic pressure on South Africa. [127] Tutu was upset by what he regarded as the lack of outrage from white South Africans; he raised the issue in his Sunday sermon, stating that the white silence was "deafening" and asking if they would have shown the same nonchalance had white youths been killed. [25], Tutu entered the Johannesburg Bantu High School in 1945, where he excelled academically. [279] The ANC won the election and Mandela was declared president, heading a government of national unity. [332] After the 1998 Lambeth Conference of bishops reaffirmed the church's opposition to same-sex sexual acts, Tutu stated that he was "ashamed to be an Anglican. "The Liberating Humour of Desmond Tutu. From 1967 to 1972 he taught theology in South Africa before returning to England for three years as the assistant director of a theological institute in London. [200] The first black man to hold the role,[201] he took over the country's largest diocese, comprising 102 parishes and 300,000 parishioners, approximately 80% of whom were black. [48] In January 1956, his request to join the Ordinands Guild was turned down due to his debts; these were then paid off by the wealthy industrialist Harry Oppenheimer. Theologically, he sought to fuse ideas from black theology with African theology. [185], In 1984, Tutu embarked on a three-month sabbatical at the General Theological Seminary of the Episcopal Church in New York. [252] In August 1989 he helped to organise an "Ecumenical Defiance Service" at St George's Cathedral,[253] and shortly after joined protests at segregated beaches outside Cape Town. Desmond Tutu, 1984 1984 Nobel Peace Prize Laureate: Bishop of Johannesburg and former Secretary General South African Council of Churches (S.A.C.C.). [258] In October, de Klerk met with Tutu, Boesak, and Frank Chikane; Tutu was impressed that "we were listened to". [305] The Desmond Tutu School of Theology at Fort Hare University was launched in 2002. Disliking the Act, Tutu and his wife left the teaching profession. Look for popular awards and laureates in different fields, and discover the history of the Nobel Prize. [94] In September, Fort Hare students held a sit-in protest over the university administration's policies; after they were surrounded by police with dogs, Tutu waded into the crowd to pray with the protesters. [335] In 2007, Tutu accused the church of being obsessed with homosexuality, declaring: "If God, as they say, is homophobic, I wouldn't worship that God. This is a non-violent strategy to help us do so. [349] There, he charged the ANC under Thabo Mbeki's leadership of demanding "sycophantic, obsequious conformity" among its members. Tutu was born of Xhosa and Tswana parents and was educated in South African mission schools at which his father taught. Tributes from around the world have been paid to. The funeral mass for South African anti-apartheid campaigner Archbishop Desmond Tutu has taken place at the Anglican cathedral in Cape Town. [40], In 1954, Tutu began teaching English at Madibane High School; the following year, he transferred to the Krugersdorp High School, where he taught English and history. Nelson Mandela appointed Tutu head of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, which investigated allegations of human rights abuses during the apartheid era. This autobiography/biography was written I can't buy that. [429] In 1985 he stated that he hated MarxismLeninism "with every fiber of my being" although sought to explain why black South Africans turned to it as an ally: "when you are in a dungeon and a hand is stretched out to free you, you do not ask for the pedigree of the hand owner. Tutu was vocal in his defense of human rights and used his high profile to campaign for the oppressed. Desmond Mpilo Tutu OMSG CH GCStJ (7 October 1931 26 December 2021) was a South African Anglican bishop and theologian, known for his work as an anti-apartheid and human rights activist. In 1966 he returned to southern Africa, teaching at the Federal Theological Seminary and then the University of Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland. Sat. [458] In 1986, Tutu had defined Ubuntu: "It refers to gentleness, to compassion, to hospitality, to openness to others, to vulnerability, to be available to others and to know that you are bound up with them in the bundle of life. [134] He appointed Philip Mokuku as the first dean of the diocese and placed great emphasis on further education for the Basotho clergy. NobelPrize.org. [42] They were legally married at Krugersdorp Native Commissioner's Court in June 1955, before undergoing a Roman Catholic wedding ceremony at the Church of Mary Queen of Apostles; although an Anglican, Tutu agreed to the ceremony due to Leah's Roman Catholic faith. Tutu retired from the primacy in 1996 and became archbishop emeritus. In 2012, he called for US President George W. Bush and British Prime Minister Tony Blair to be tried by the International Criminal Court for initiating the Iraq War. After six wonderful years as Chair, I am sad to say that it was time for me to step down. [441] In the South African situation, he criticised the use of violence by both the government and anti-apartheid groups, although he was also critical of white South Africans who would only condemn the use of violence by the latter, regarding such a position as a case of a double standard. [93] In August 1968, he gave a sermon comparing South Africa's situation with that in the Eastern Bloc, likening anti-apartheid protests to the recent Prague Spring. [210] When Tutu accompanied the US politician Ted Kennedy on the latter's visit to South Africa in January 1985, he was angered that protesters from the Azanian People's Organisation (AZAPO)who regarded Kennedy as an agent of capitalism and American imperialismdisrupted proceedings. [17] They subsequently changed denominations, first to the African Methodist Episcopal Church and then to the Anglican Church. In addition to His Holiness and the . [74] He received his degree from Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother in a ceremony held at the Royal Albert Hall. Your cause is unjust. Before the speech, Desmond Tutu and his relatives and colleagues delivered a traditional song. Like his countryman Albert Lutuli, the Anglican bishop Desmond Tutu was honored with the Peace Prize for his opposition to South Africa's brutal apartheid regime. 4 Mar 2023. [441] To end apartheid, he advocated foreign economic pressure be put on South Africa. [47] With Huddleston's support, Tutu chose to become an Anglican priest. [422] He read the Bible every day[423] and recommended that people read it as a collection of books, not a single constitutional document: [354] Several outreach organisations and activities have been developed to inspire generations and disseminate knowledge about the Nobel Prize. Church leaders organised a protest march, and after that too was banned they established the Committee for the Defense of Democracy. In October 2011, no less a figure than South Africa's Archbishop Desmond Tutu proposed that Malala be nominated for the International Children's Peace Prize. [22] In Johannesburg, he attended a Methodist primary school before transferring to the Swedish Boarding School (SBS) in the St Agnes Mission. In 1972, he became the Theological Education Fund's director for Africa, a position based in London but necessitating regular tours of the African continent. Desmond Tutu, Whose Voice Helped Slay Apartheid, Dies at 90. After the 1994 general election resulted in a coalition government headed by Mandela, the latter selected Tutu to chair the Truth and Reconciliation Commission to investigate past human rights abuses committed by both pro and anti-apartheid groups. Key points: Desmond Tutu died at an aged care home in Cape Town He was diagnosed with prostate cancer more than 20 years ago and had been hospitalised [39] He had also taken five correspondence courses provided by the University of South Africa (UNISA), graduating in the same class as future Zimbabwean leader Robert Mugabe. [285], According to Du Boulay, "Tutu's politics spring directly and inevitably from his Christianity. [100] He could be offended by discourteous behaviour and careless language,[391] as well as by swearing and ethnic slurs. "[322] Tutu opened meetings with prayers and often referred to Christian teachings when discussing the TRC's work, frustrating some who saw him as incorporating too many religious elements into an expressly secular body. [162] South Africa's government and mainstream media either downplayed or criticised the award,[195] while the Organisation of African Unity hailed it as evidence of apartheid's impending demise. [157], In February 1990, de Klerk lifted the ban on political parties like the ANC; Tutu telephoned him to praise the move. [244] He telephoned representatives of the American, British, and German governments urging them to pressure Botha on the issue,[245] and personally met with Botha at the latter's Tuynhuys home to discuss the issue. [29] He then returned to Johannesburg, moving into an Anglican hostel near the Church of Christ the King in Sophiatown. [217] He also proposed a national strike against apartheid, angering trade unions whom he had not consulted beforehand. [432] He promoted racial reconciliation between South Africa's communities, believing that most blacks fundamentally wanted to live in harmony with whites,[433] although he stressed that reconciliation would only be possible among equals, after blacks had been given full civil rights. 28 Dec 2021. [28] To avoid the expense of a daily train commute to school, he briefly lived with family nearer to Johannesburg, before moving back in with his parents when they relocated to Munsieville. I am as passionate about this campaign as I ever was about apartheid. [361] He also attended the 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen,[362] and later publicly called for fossil fuel divestment, comparing it to disinvestment from apartheid-era South Africa. Tutu, who as Anglican Archbishop of Cape Town helped turn the conscience of the world against the white supremacist policies of apartheid that oppressed his homeland, later was tasked by President . As Tutu rose to prominence in the 1970s, different socio-economic groups and political classes held a wide range of views about him, from critical to admiring. In 1981 a government commission launched to investigate the issue, headed by the judge C. F. "[282] Elected president of the AACC, he worked closely with general-secretary Jos Belo over the next decade. This award is for mothers, who sit at railway stations to try to eke out an existence, selling potatoes, selling mealies, selling produce. "The leadership role of emeritus Archbishop Desmond Tutu in the social development of the South African society. [300] Tutu was succeeded as archbishop by Njongonkulu Ndungane. [23] Several months later, he moved with his father to Ermelo, eastern Transvaal. Whether or not he accepts the intellectual respectability of our activity is largely irrelevant. Hover to zoom. A Funeral Mass was held for Tutu at St. George's Cathedral in Cape Town on 1 January 2022. [24] Aged 12, he underwent confirmation at St Mary's Church, Roodepoort. [147] His efforts gained him international recognition; the closing years of the 1970s saw him elected a fellow of KCL and receive honorary doctorates from the University of Kent, General Theological Seminary, and Harvard University. African Elders headed by Nobel Peace Prize laureate Archbishop Desmond Tutu (right) and the wife of former South. LONDON -- South Africa's Archbishop Emeritus Desmond Tutu, an anti-apartheid activist and Nobel Peace Prize laureate, died on Sunday. [148] Hegr also developed a new style of leadership, appointing senior staff who were capable of taking the initiative, delegating much of the SACC's detailed work to them, and keeping in touch with them through meetings and memorandums. [374] In May 2014, Tutu visited Fort McMurray, in the heart of the Canada's oil sands, condemning the "negligence and greed" of oil extraction. "[56] During his years at the college, there had been an intensification in anti-apartheid activism as well as a crackdown against it, including the Sharpeville massacre of 1960. [482] The African-American civil rights campaigner Bernice Powell, for instance, complained that he was "too nice to white people". [452] Tutu often used the aphorism that "African communism" is an oxymoron becausein his viewAfricans are intrinsically spiritual and this conflicts with the atheistic nature of Marxism. [1] His mother, Allen Dorothea Mavoertsek Mathlare, was born to a Motswana family in Boksburg. Tutu woke at 4am every morning, before engaging in an early morning walk, prayers, and the Eucharist. [487] Many schools and scholarships were named after him. Desmond Mpilo Tutu Desmond Tutu, an icon who helped end apartheid in South Africa, dies at 90 The cathedral can hold 1,200 worshippers, but only 100 mourners were allowed to attend the funeral because of COVID-19. [6] Zachariah worked as the principal of a Methodist primary school and the family lived in the mud-brick schoolmaster's house in the yard of the Methodist mission. Desmond Tutu is one of South Africa's most well-known human rights activists, winning the 1984 Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts in resolving and ending apartheid. It is immoral without question. "[430], Tutu never became anti-white, in part due to his many positive experiences with white people. [26] Joining a school rugby team, he developed a lifelong love of the sport. [412] His application of humour included jokes that made a point about apartheid;[413] "the whites think the black people want to drive them into the sea. [103], Tutu's job entailed assessing grants to theological training institutions and students. [99] As well as his teaching position, he also became the college's Anglican chaplain and the warden of two student residences. [429] In his words, "Apartheid is as evil and as vicious as Nazism and Communism. [35] Instead, he turned toward teaching, gaining a government scholarship for a course at Pretoria Bantu Normal College, a teacher training institution, in 1951. The 1969 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to the United Nations agency International Labour Organization (founded in 1919) "for creating international legislation insuring certain norms for working conditions in every country." [1] The agency became the ninth organization awarded with a Nobel Prize. At the Lambeth Conference of 1988, he backed a resolution condemning the use of violence by all sides; Tutu believed that Irish republicans had not exhausted peaceful means of bringing about change and should not resort to armed struggle. [418] His favourite foods included samosas, marshmallows, fat cakes, and Yogi Sip. [197] Black Anglicans celebrated, although many white Anglicans were angry;[198] some withdrew their diocesan quota in protest. [263] There, Tutu and the bishops called for an end to foreign sanctions once the transition to universal suffrage was "irreversible", urged anti-apartheid groups to end armed struggle, and banned Anglican clergy from belonging to political parties. [278] When the April 1994 multi-racial general election took place, Tutu was visibly exuberant, telling reporters that "we are on cloud nine". [153] Tutu gave evidence to the commission, during which he condemned apartheid as "evil" and "unchristian". [444] In the 1980s, Tutu also condemned Western political leaders, namely Ronald Reagan, Margaret Thatcher, and West Germany's Helmut Kohl, for retaining links with the South African government, stipulating that "support of this racist policy is racist". Archbishop Desmond Tutu, the South African anti-apartheid icon, has died at the age of 90. ", Maluleke, Tinyiko. Archbishop Desmond Tutu An Anglican cleric, theologian, and social justice hero. "[382], Tutu's body lay in state for two days before the funeral. Here's a look at the life of Nobel Peace Prize winner Archbishop Desmond Tutu.. [10] He was his parents' second son; their firstborn boy, Sipho, had died in infancy. [452] When, in the late 1980s, there were suggestions that he should take political office, he rejected the idea. [18], In 1936, the family moved to Tshing, where Zachariah became principal of a Methodist school. He also compiled several books of his speeches and sermons. View Archbishop Desmond Tutu in Washington, Nov. 9, 2007. [424] Du Boulay referred to him as "a loving and concerned father",[425] while Allen described him as a "loving but strict father" to his children. [276], Tutu was exhilarated by the prospect of South Africa transforming towards universal suffrage via a negotiated transition rather than civil war. [68] In London, the Tutus felt liberated experiencing a life free from South Africa's apartheid and pass laws;[69] he later noted that "there is racism in England, but we were not exposed to it". Desmond Tutu addressing the government, 1988[243], Opposed on principle to capital punishment, in March 1988 Tutu took up the cause of the Sharpeville Six who had been sentenced to death. [132] In August, Tutu was enthroned as the Bishop of Lesotho in a ceremony at Maseru's Cathedral of St Mary and St James; thousands attended, including King Moshoeshoe II and Prime Minister Leabua Jonathan. When the group's rally was banned, Tutu, Boesak, and Naidoo organised a service at St George's Cathedral to replace it.[242]. An uncompromising foe. [259] In 1994, a further collection of Tutu's writings, The Rainbow People of God, was published, and followed the next year with his An African Prayer Book, a collection of prayers from across the continent accompanied by the Archbishop's commentary. [445] Regarding Reagan, he stated that although he once thought him a "crypto-racist" for his soft stance on the National Party administration, he would "say now that he is a racist pure and simple". [480] According to Du Boulay, the SABC and much of the white press went to "extraordinary attempts to discredit him", something that "made it hard to know the man himself". [393] Some black anti-apartheid activists regarded him as too moderate,[481] and in particular too focused on cultivating white goodwill. In 1987, he gave the keynote speech at the All Africa Conference of Churches (AACC) in Lom, Togo, calling on churches to champion the oppressed throughout Africa; he stated that "it pains us to have to admit that there is less freedom and personal liberty in most of Africa now then there was during the much-maligned colonial days. In 1975 he was appointed Dean of St. Marys Cathedral in Johannesburg, the first black to hold that position. [324] While listening to the testimony of victims, Tutu was sometimes overwhelmed by emotion and cried during the hearings. Fourteen laureates were awarded a Nobel Prize in 2022, for achievements that have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind. [7], The Tutus were poor;[8] describing his family, Tutu later related that "although we weren't affluent, we were not destitute either". [16] The family were initially Methodists and Tutu was baptised into the Methodist Church in June 1932. Archbishop Mpilo Desmond Tutu, world renowned preacher and strident voice against apartheid, first Black Secretary General of the South African Council of Churches, first Black Archbishop of the Anglican Church in South Africa, Archbishop Emeritus of Cape Town, and chair of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, is awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. Desmond Tutu, Anti-Apartheid Hero and Nobel Prize Winner, Dies at 90. [87] The Tutus sent their children to a private boarding school in Swaziland, thereby keeping them from South Africa's Bantu Education syllabus. He received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1984, the Albert Schweitzer Prize for Humanitarianism, the Gandhi Peace Prize in 2005 and the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2009. Fourteen laureates were awarded a Nobel Prize in 2022, for achievements that have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. [128], After seven months as dean, Tutu was nominated to become the Bishop of Lesotho. [435] When he held public prayers, he always included mention of those who upheld apartheid, such as politicians and police, alongside the system's victims, emphasising his view that all humans were the children of God. [316] Tutu proposed that the TRC adopt a threefold approach: the first being confession, with those responsible for human rights abuses fully disclosing their activities, the second being forgiveness in the form of a legal amnesty from prosecution, and the third being restitution, with the perpetrators making amends to their victims. "[336], Tutu also spoke out on the need to combat the HIV/AIDS pandemic, in June 2003 stating that "Apartheid tried to destroy our people and apartheid failed. "[169], In January 1981, the government returned Tutu's passport. [460], Tutu rejected the idea that any particular variant of theology was universally applicable, instead maintaining that all understandings of God had to be "contextual" in relating to the socio-cultural conditions in which they existed. United Methodist Church's Pension Board Divests From Israel-linked Company ; Presbyterians Reject anti-Zionist Guide ; Presbyterians Face Key BDS Moment [364] In 2013, he declared that he would no longer vote for the ANC, stating that it had done a poor job in countering inequality, violence, and corruption;[365] he welcomed the launch of a new party, Agang South Africa. [102] In March 1972, he returned to Britain. [399] Tutu has also been described as being sensitive,[405] and very easily hurt, an aspect of his personality which he concealed from the public eye;[399] Du Boulay noted that he "reacts to emotional pain" in an "almost childlike way". What they forget is, with apartheid on the beaches we can't even go to the sea". [415], Tutu had a lifelong love of literature and reading,[416] and was a fan of cricket. [448] However, he was adamant that he was not personally a politician. Desmond Tutu will always be remembered as the South African Anglican cleric who won the Nobel Peace Prize, helped bring down apartheid and served as the moral beacon of a troubled nation. [227] Tutu secured a two-thirds majority from both the clergy and laity and was then ratified in a unanimous vote by the synod of bishops. Post-apartheid, Tutu's status as a gay rights activist kept him in the public eye more than any other issue facing the Anglican Church;[332] his views on the issue became well known through his speeches and sermons. "[106] In Nigeria, he expressed concern at Igbo resentment following the crushing of their Republic of Biafra. [286] Tutu also travelled to other parts of world, for instance spending March 1989 in Panama and Nicaragua. The TEF's headquarters were in Bromley, with the Tutu family settling in nearby Grove Park, where Tutu became honorary curate of St Augustine's Church. [226] At the time of the meeting, Tutu was in Atlanta, Georgia, receiving the Martin Luther King, Jr. [118] He encountered some resistance to his attempts to modernise the liturgies used by the congregation,[119] including his attempts to replace masculine pronouns with gender neutral ones. [130] This decision upset some of his congregation, who felt that he had used their parish as a stepping stone to advance his career. [67], At KCL, Tutu studied under theologians like Dennis Nineham, Christopher Evans, Sydney Evans, Geoffrey Parrinder, and Eric Mascall. After the end of apartheid, Tutu became "perhaps the world's most prominent religious leader advocating gay and lesbian rights", according to Allen. [104] This required his touring Africa in the early 1970s, and he wrote accounts of his experiences. [319] In the TRC, Tutu advocated "restorative justice", something which he considered characteristic of traditional African jurisprudence "in the spirit of ubuntu". Nobel Prize Outreach AB 2023. [473] For many black South Africans, he was a respected religious leader and a symbol of black achievement. [257] That the march had been permitted inspired similar demonstrations to take place across the country. [163], In New York City, Tutu was informed that he had won the 1984 Nobel Peace Prize; he had previously been nominated in 1981, 1982, and 1983. Desmond Mpilo Tutu The Nobel Peace Prize 1984 Born: 7 October 1931, Klerksdorp, South Africa Died: 26 December 2021, Cape Town, South Africa Residence at the time of the award: South Africa Role: Bishop of Johannesburg, former Secretary General, South African Council of Churches (S.A.C.C.) ), Prize motivation: for his role as a unifying leader figure in the non-violent campaign to resolve the problem of apartheid in South Africa. [300] A farewell ceremony was held at St George's Cathedral in June 1996, attended by senior politicians like Mandela and de Klerk. Tutu cancelled the trip in mid-December, saying that Israel had refused to grant him the necessary travel clearance after more than a week of discussions. [295] On his 1989 trip, he laid a wreath at the Yad Vashem Holocaust memorial and gave a sermon on the importance of forgiving the perpetrators of the Holocaust;[296][297] the sermon drew criticism from Jewish groups around the world. [377] In September, Tutu asked Myanmar's leader Aung San Suu Kyi to halt the army's persecution of the country's Muslim Rohingya minority. Malala's activism did little to endear her to hardcore fundamentalists. If we don't act against HIV-AIDS, it may succeed, for it is already decimating our population. [467] As part of this, he believed that the perpetrators and beneficiaries of apartheid must admit to their actions but that the system's victims should respond generously, stating that it was a "gospel imperative" to forgive. [366] After Mandela's death in December, Tutu initially stated that he had not been invited to the funeral; after the government denied this, Tutu announced his attendance. South African activist and Nobel Peace Prize and Anglican Archbishop Desmond Tutu gives . [320] As head of the commission, Tutu had to deal with its various inter-personal problems, with much suspicion between those on its board who had been anti-apartheid activists and those who had supported the apartheid system. [207] At a Duduza funeral, he intervened to stop the crowd from killing a black man accused of being a government informant. [492], In 2000, Tutu received the Common Wealth Award of Distinguished Service. [221] He also formed a Bishop Tutu Scholarship Fund to financially assist South African students living in exile. [489] This was seen as a gesture of support for him and the South African Council of Churches which he led at that time. [394] She added that he had a "gentle, caring temperament and would have nothing to do with anything that hurt others",[395] commenting on how he had "a quicksilver mind, a disarming honesty".
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