Over time, he begins to understand how events in his early life have impacted how he functions now. Release of neurotransmitters is stopped. Anne has distant parents, failing grades, and insufficient funds for basic necessities and also develops depression. This perspective is part of the behavioral humanistic O psychodynamic O d. comitive Which of the following statements regarding the abnormal behavior of faulty perceptions or interpretations of reality is TRUE? b. b. exposure therapy. d. cognitive-behavioral. Watson and Rayner (1920) conducted one of the most famous studies in psychology. d. psychodynamic. Differentiate uni- and multi-dimensional models of abnormality. 112. This response does not need to be learned and shows the relationship between an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) yielding an unconditioned response (UCR). b. biological. Which form of therapy helps clients recognize errors in logic and try out new interpretations of events? d. psychophysical. Current multicultural perspectives are MOST likely to focus on the: special external pressures faced by members of a culture. _____ theory focuses on observable and conscious behaviors, whereas _____ theory focuses on unconscious processes. d. acceptance and commitment, 97. 113. It begins with the individual learning a relaxation technique such as diaphragmatic breathing. c. The underlying assumptions of each model are the same. Right? d. projection. a. modeling 49. To be considered distinct from other conditions, a mental illness must have its own set of symptoms. The biological treatment known as psychosurgery would MOST likely be used in the treatment of a patient with: a. a severe disorder that is also associated with a high risk of suicide. Breuer made daily visits and allowed her to share stories from her private theater, which she came to call talking cure or chimney sweeping. Many of the stories she shared were actually thoughts or events she found troubling and reliving them helped to relieve or eliminate the symptoms. 57. Admittedly, single factors do emerge during a persons life, but as they arise, the factors become part of the individual. They protect the neuron from harmful substances. This thought is an example of: a. depression. 106. The behavioral model concerns the cognitive process of learning, which is any relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience and practice and has two main forms associative learning to include classical and operant conditioning and observational learning. Source: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/index.shtml. In science, the perspectives used to explain events are known as: Of course, most people do not experience this but instead are made to feel that they can only be loved and respected if they meet certain standards, called conditions of worth. Both the id and the ego: a. unconsciously seek gratification. For each category, we have a schema, or a set of beliefs and expectations about a group of people, presumed to apply to all members of the group, and based on experience. d. special external pressures faced by members of a culture. c. extended psychoanalytic therapy. a. depression b. Huntingtons disease c. social anxiety disorder d. schizophrenia. b. the evolution of adaptive and maladaptive behavior is fundamentally different. Hmm. Next, the children are placed in a room with several toys in it. c. axons. Furthermore, some patients report feeling as though they lack speech or motor control, thus feeling at times like a robot. a. id b. ego c. superego d. personality. The _____ model of abnormality pays particular attention to the clients family structure, societal norms, and the clients roles in society. The brain. 109. One option to treat severe mental illness is psychotropic medications. c. rationalization. 154. In this family, the children are also discouraged from asking for advice or seeking support. a. avoidance b. illogical c. safety d. exposure, 96. 132. 2.3.4.1. Brooklyn learns to turn on the TV by watching her older brother turn it on. Gestalt therapy is similar to mindfulness techniques in its emphasis on: a. using I language. a. Existential therapy is very new, and there hasnt yet been enough time to conduct thorough research. a. existential a. egoic b. deterministic c. defensive d. object relational. Rates of SAD (Seasonal Affective Disorder) are four times greater in women than men. Divorce or the death of a spouse can lead to anxiety disorders. There is no firsthand experience by the learner in observational learning, unlike enactive. For instance, Parkinsons disease is a brain disorder that results in a gradual loss of muscle control and arises when cells in the substantia nigra, a long nucleus considered to be part of the basal ganglia, stop making dopamine. b. cognitive-behavioral. What is the effect of genes, hormones, and viruses on the development of mental disorders? Environmental factors also play a role in the development of mental illness. Finally, respondent conditioning has several properties: 2.3.2.3. We started at resting potential in Step 1 and end at resting potential in Step 6. The pairing must occur more than once so that needless pairings are not learned such as someone farting right before your food comes out and now you salivate whenever someone farts (at least for a while. a. very small; selectively b. large; selectively c. large; openly d. small; openly, 142. b. family therapy. The processes described in this model occur at an unconscious level. When Mathias did not get a job for which he applied, he was sure that everything was going wrong, that his life was completely off track. Her therapy is MOST likely: a. gestalt therapy. PSY470 Models of Abnormality - Running Head: BENCHMARK - StuDocu Evaluate the usefulness of the cognitive model. This could be a single factor such as a chemical imbalance in the brain, relationship with a parent, socioeconomic status (SES), a fearful event encountered during middle childhood, or the way in which the individual copes with lifes stressors. During a therapy session, a client is told to pretend the therapist is her parent and to tell her parent why she is angry. The body has two coordinating and integrating systems, the nervous system and the endocrine system. Discuss the concept of a model and identify those important to understanding psychopathology. When a young child yells and throws toys (i.e., throws a temper tantrum), the parents give the child a good deal of attention. 143. Which model of abnormality does this quote MOST closely represent? A couple therapist who focuses on acceptance and positive change where possible is using _____ therapy. On the other hand, if we see a sibling constantly getting in trouble with the law, then we may not model this behavior due to the negative consequences. 2.4: The Sociocultural Model - Social Sci LibreTexts They are open to experience, live every moment to the fullest, are creative, accepts responsibility for their decisions, do not derive their sense of self from others, strive to maximize their potential, and are self-actualized. b. negative transference. When Mathias did not get a job for which he applied, he was sure that everything was going wrong, that his life was completely off track. Describe the role of bacterial and viral infections in mental illness. Finally, the sociocultural model indicated the role of socioeconomic, gender, environmental, and multicultural factors on abnormal behavior. c. Each paradigm is complete in itself. Neurotransmitters. 3. This model dismisses the effect of nonbiological factors on behavior. Bacterial and viral infections. 2.2.3.3. b. cognitive-behavioral 111. 54. Which model of abnormality cites physical processes as being the key to behavior? For more information on psychotropic medications, please visit: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/mental-health-medications/index.shtml. b. anxiety disorders. d. This model requires the therapist to predict abnormal behavior in individuals. Similarly, the overproduction of the hormone melatonin can lead to SAD. A primary focus of community-based mental health treatments is: a. education. d. it is too narrow in certain ways. 2.3.4.2. a. Our focus will be on partial/intermittent reinforcement. What happens when an electrical impulse reaches a neurons ending? d. sociocultural. Other examples will be discussed throughout this book. According to Freud's psychodynamic theory, the part of the personality that guides us to know when we can and cannot express our impulses is the: A patient with a controlling mother is undergoing therapy. 101. d. projection. A health care provider prescribes disulfiram (Antabuse) for a client with alcoholism. 81. According to your reading on abnormal psychology, which term is defined as "the inability to perform in one or more important areas of functioning" and is a consideration in identifying the presence of a mental disorder? The genes responsible for anxiety disorders or related psychological patterns are the same genes that once helped our ancestors survive and reproduce. d. displacement. The goal is for the client to examine their own feelings and thoughts with openness and acceptance. A theorist who believes that someone who is labeled a hard worker will, in fact, become a hard worker is MOST likely a _____ theorist. Evaluating the humanistic and existential perspectives. In terms of distinctive structures, these focus on the ability of a neuron to send and receive information. Which of the following is an argument of critics of the evolutionary perspective? The room contains a highly prized toy, but they are told they cannot play with it. The antenna-like extensions located at one end of the neuron are called: a. glia. We can also ask the patient probing questions, seek information from family members, examine medical records, and in time, organize and process all this information to better understand the persons condition and potential causes. Fortunately, the work of George Miller, Albert Ellis, Aaron Beck, and Ulrich Neisser demonstrated the importance of cognitive abilities in understanding thoughts, behaviors, and emotions, and in the case of psychopathology, show that people can create their problems by how they come to interpret events experienced in the world around them. Gestalt therapy is similar to mindfulness techniques in its emphasis on: Cognitive-behavioral approaches used to treat social anxiety disorder aim to: alter illogical thinking patterns and reduce avoidance behaviors. Psychosurgery. What is an important characteristic of group therapy? "What an individual views as abnormal behavior in public may be the only way to effectively interact with family members.". His name is It exists in the nucleus of each cell, packaged in threadlike structures known as chromosomes, for which we have 23 pairs or 46 total. The sociocultural model of abnormality focuses on all of these factors EXCEPT: a. social labels and roles. In respondent conditioning, learning happens in three phases: preconditioning, conditioning, and postconditioning. 159. They act as a glue and hold the neuron in place. What happens to the neurotransmitters that do not bind to a receptor site? c. who believe in a higher being are the healthiest. Behaviors and thoughts may influence the development of psychological disorders. d. object relations. 75. 76. Gender plays an important, though at times, unclear role in mental illness. Describe the structure of the neuron and all key parts. The _____ model of abnormality pays particular attention to the client's family structure, societal norms, and the client's roles in society. b. self theory. The nucleus is the control center of the neuron, and the soma is the cell body. 156. Therapists who often deliberately frustrate and challenge their clients, and who often use role-playing and a here and now orientation, are _____ therapists. The answer is yes and no, depending on whether we are talking about continuous or partial reinforcement. For more on psychosurgery, check out this article from Psychology Today: https://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/199203/psychosurgery. Schemas and cognitive errors. Freud believed that consciousness had three levels 1) consciousness which was the seat of our awareness, 2) preconscious that included all of our sensations, thoughts, memories, and feelings, and 3) the unconscious, which was not available to us. This action MOST strongly suggests that the _____ is firmly in control of Nikolai. c. transference. However, critics cite obvious ethical issues with conducting such surgeries as well as scientific issues. 86. A person engages in multiple online discussions with a large number of friends on Facebook. d. It produces a steady stream of low-voltage electricity to the targeted brain areas. In her dream, she panics and looks for her dog everywhere. We are more likely to model behaviors by someone who commands our attention. Finally, the individual either imagines (systematic) or experiences in real life (in-vivo) each object or scenario from the hierarchy and uses the relaxation technique while doing so. 2.2.3.1. 2.3.2.5. d. Each model views childhood trauma as a factor contributing to abnormal behavior. d. self-help therapy. a. sociocultural b. biocultural c. psychocultural d. cognitive-cultural. 43. Genes, Hormonal Imbalances, and Viral Infections. What is important to mental health professionals is some disorders involve specific areas of the brain. b. repression. a. existential b. humanistic c. sociocultural d. behavior-focused, 139. Resistance and transference are terms most likely used by which model? Still, we must remember that the model is a starting point for the researcher, and due to this, it determines what causes might be investigated at the exclusion of other causes. 166. 148. Humanists would say that an individual who cares about others and who is spontaneous, courageous, and independent is: The perspective that religious views are defense mechanisms created by people to make life tolerable is MOST characteristic of: What happens when an electrical impulse reaches a neuron's ending? 115. Western society was in turmoil in the 1960s and 1970s, which led to the rise of humanistic and existential therapies. The nervous system moves quickly with nerve impulses moving in a few hundredths of a second. c. sociocultural. Another option to treat mental disorders is to perform brain surgeries. b. people are naturally inclined to live positively. size the different models of abnormality and to avoid oversimplifying the complex nature of human problems. In other words, we assume the person who cut us off is an idiot (dispositional) and do not consider that maybe someone in the car is severely injured and this person is rushing them to the hospital (situational). By pairing a neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus (bell and food, respectively), the dog will learn that the bell ringing (NS) signals food coming (UCS) and salivate (UCR). b. ethnographic studies. b. sociocultural First, we cannot pay attention to everything going on around us. 31. That is the idea, at least. The important thing to understand is that not all behaviors occur due to reinforcement and punishment as operant conditioning says. Then write a few balanced statements such as the one the article suggests, Ive made some mistakes that I feel embarrassed about, but a lot of the time, I make good choices.. Genetic issues and explanations. Don't worry. d. people who are more devout are also psychologically healthier. d. An investigators preferred paradigm influences how they interpret research findings. c. ego. Nervous breakdown c. Impairment d. Distress Models aid us with doing all of this. b. denial. Which statement is TRUE regarding the models of abnormality? 14. When a young child yells and throws toys (i.e., throws a temper tantrum), the parents give the child a good deal of attention. Horowitz (2008) found that rates of SAD are just 1% for those living in Florida while 9% of Alaskans are diagnosed with the disorder. To truly understand brain structure and chemistry, it is a good idea to understand how communication occurs within the nervous system. 2.2.3.2. c. role-playing. b. prevention. However, men are more likely to die by suicide than women, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Where do you sit in class, if you are on a physical campus and not an online student? In terms of the latter, cognitive behavior modification procedures arose after the 1960s and with the rise of cognitive psychology. 79. First, Freud made most of his observations in an unsystematic, uncontrolled way, and he relied on the case study method. d. create an ideal set of genes. Please note that a person may become fixated at any stage, meaning they become stuck, thereby affecting later development and possibly leading to abnormal functioning, or psychopathology. Finally, does uncertainty always lead to a negative end? In Module 2, we will discuss three models of abnormal behavior to include the biological, psychological, and sociocultural models. a. long-term memory b. numerical and spatial reasoning c. autonomic nervous system functioning d. feelings of social connectedness among teens, 105. 53. The humanistic perspective, or third force psychology (psychoanalysis and behaviorism being the other two forces), emerged in the 1960s and 1970s as an alternative viewpoint to the largely deterministic view of personality espoused by psychoanalysis and the view of humans as machines advocated by behaviorism. Some commonly used strategies include cognitive restructuring, cognitive coping skills training, and acceptance techniques. b. it is unclear whether problematic behaviors and cognitions are the cause of psychological difficulties or the result. 67. 130. These two cases demonstrate what principle of developmental psychopathology? 12. c. it pays too little attention to the role early life experiences. They include Lisdexamfetamine, the combination of dextroamphetamine and amphetamine, and Methylphenidate. Our attribution in these two cases is in error, but still, it comes to affect how we see the world and our subjective well-being. It provides the strength to fight back or to flee (fight-or-flight instinct). The drug addresses (corrects) the underlying biological reasons for alcohol abuse. The person in the back could also be shy and prefer sitting there so that s/he does not need to chat with others as much. In the case of when, it will be either fixed or at a set rate, or variable and at a rate that changes. PSYC 1101 Review for Chapter 12 - Subjecto.com Freuds psychosexual stages of personality development are listed below. Chances are you are already accepting the unknown in some areas of life and identifying these can help you to see why it is helpful in these areas, and how you can apply this in more difficult areas. Thorndike also said that stimulus and responses were connected by the organism, and this led to learning. What are some issues facing the biological model? Failure to treat many people with severe disturbances appropriately is MOST often a problem with which level of prevention? b. exposure therapy. The _____ model proposes that humans must have an accurate self-awareness and live meaningful lives to be psychologically well adjusted. A behavioral psychologist would say that the temper tantrums result from: Which form of therapy helps clients recognize errors in logic and try out new interpretations of events? d. countertransference. This form of learning is called: a. shaping. c. humanistic-existential What treatments are available to clinicians courtesy of the biological model of psychopathology? In Module 2, we first distinguished uni- and multi-dimensional models of abnormality and made a case that the latter was better to subscribe to. This situation places considerable stress on an individual and can lead to higher rates of anxiety disorders and depression. c. Cultural factors might create a climate favorable for the development of certain disorders. PDF Psychological Disorders d. case studies. 1. a. b. rationalization. a. psychodynamic b. cognitive-behavioral c. humanistic-existential d. biological. If you do not believe you do anything right, list evidence of when you did not do something right and then evidence of when you did. c. The client is operantly conditioned to associate sobriety with happiness. A person who is isolated and lacks social support or intimacy is more likely to: a. develop depression when under stress. c. alter illogical thinking patterns and reduce avoidance behaviors. The strategies arise from all three learning models. The six models of abnormality are biological, psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral, humanistic-existential, sociocultural, and developmental psychopathology perspective. Resistance and transference are terms most likely used by which model? Proponents of the biological model view mental illness as being a result of a malfunction in the body to include issues with brain anatomy or chemistry. b. self-actualizing. According to Freud, all _____ instincts tend to be sexual. The events (response and consequence) are linked in time. Another example is how a baby will root for a food source if the mothers breast is placed near their mouth. Evidence of the effectiveness of psychodynamic therapy comes from: a. natural observation. On later trials, the rat was presented (NS) and followed closely by a loud sound (UCS; Panel B). The force that is in control in this example is the: a. id. Other examples of secondary reinforcers include praise, a smile, getting money for working or earning good grades, stickers on a board, points, getting to go out dancing, and getting out of an exam if you are doing well in a class. d. The receiving neurons stop all firing. Describe how communication in the nervous system occurs. Consider your parents for a minute. There are two main ways they can present themselves. 2.3.3.1. According to psychoanalysts, if a patient relives past repressed feelings, that patient is said to have experienced: a. repression. More on that over the next two sections. The superego is partly conscious but mostly unconscious, and part of it becomes our conscience. c. existential Cognitive-behavioral approaches used to treat social anxiety disorder aim to: a. increase positive self-talk and decrease risk taking. Individuals describe this feeling as an out-of-body experience where you are an observer of your thoughts, feelings, and physical being. This is called observational learning and is contrasted with enactive learning, which is learning by doing. c. feminist therapy. Freuds psychoanalysis was unique in the history of psychology because it did not arise within universities as most major schools of thought did; rather, it emerged from medicine and psychiatry to address psychopathology and examine the unconscious. Researchers are only now beginning to tease apart the various biological and psychosocial factors that may impact the mental health of both women and men., https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/women-and-mental-health/index.shtml. Ego-defense mechanisms are in place to protect us from this pain but are considered maladaptive if they are misused and become our primary way of dealing with stress. A theorist who takes an evolutionary perspective on abnormal behavior would MOST likely agree that: at one time what is now often labeled abnormal behavior actually helped humans survive. A couple therapist who focuses on acceptance and positive change where possible is using _____ therapy. The objective of the Human Genome Project was to: a. clone a mammal. d. The effectiveness of biological treatments cannot be objectively evaluated. An important factor to consider when prescribing drugs for the treatment of abnormality would be that: some people do not benefit from drug treatments. Consider where students sit in a class. The neuron next moves into a relative refractory period, meaning it can fire but needs higher than normal levels of stimulation. d. who are not religious cope better with life stressors such as war and illness. became involved in the German Feminist movement, and in 1904 founded the League of Jewish Women. They are sexual in nature. Based on related research, we would expect this person to have a _____ number of offline friends and to _____ share information with them. What is that factor? 88. 110. c. congenital malformations. b. overgeneralization. Common antipsychotics include Chlorpromazine, Perphenazine, Quetiapine, and Lurasidone. a. psychoanalysis. 2.3.3.3. b. existential Its key figures were Abraham Maslow, who proposed the hierarchy of needs, and Carl Rogers, who we will focus on here. This is an example of: Providing treatment as soon as it is needed so problems that are moderate or worse do not become long-term issues is called: Failure to treat many people with severe disturbances appropriately is MOST often a problem with which level of prevention? 32. a. starting treatment for a diagnosed mental health condition b. passing out educational materials that describe modifiable risk factors for mental illness c. providing routine mental health screenings, followed by immediate intervention as needed d. advocating for federal legislation that protects individuals mental health in the workplace. These included risk versions of two genes that regulate the flow of calcium into cells. Likewise, twin and family studies have shown that people with first-degree relatives suffering from OCD are at higher risk to develop the disorder themselves. Life involves a degree of uncertainty, and at times we must accept this. None of the models are complete within themselves. b. good long-term prognoses. b. ones values and goals. According to psychoanalytic theory, which statement is TRUE about dreams? c. replace problematic behaviors with more appropriate ones. In a general sense, a model is defined as a representation or imitation of an object (dictionary.com). What about other students in the class that you know? In terms of the biological model, neurotransmitters, brain structures, hormones, genes, and viral . She is constantly looking to friends and family members for help with these decisions and gets anxious when she has to decide alone. c. psychodynamic. Describe the role of genes in mental illness.